Gender Violence in Australia by Alana Piper

Author:Alana Piper [Alana Piper, Ana Stevenson]
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Monash University Publishing

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1David Barden, “Victim of alleged human trafficking held captive in Sydney man’s home,” Huffington Post, 19 May 2017, accessed 31 May 2018, https://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/2017/05/18/victim-of-alleged-human-trafficking-held-captive-in-sydney-mans_a_22098075/.

2Commonwealth of Australia Parliamentary Joint Committee on Law Enforcement, An Inquiry into Human Trafficking, Slavery and Slavery-like Practices (Canberra: Senate Printing Unit, Parliament House, July 2017), 3; Commonwealth of Australia, National Action Plan to Combat Human Trafficking and Slavery 2015–19 (Barton: Attorney-General’s Department, 2014), 10.

3Australia ratified the Supplementary Slavery Convention in 1958 and the UNTOC in 2004 and the Trafficking Protocol in 2005, Commonwealth of Australia, National Action Plan, 7.

4Biljana Meshkovska, Milissa Siegel, Sarah E. Stitterheim and Arjan E.R. Bos, “Female sex trafficking: Conceptual issues, current debates, and future directions,” The Journal of Sex Research 52, no. 4 (2015): 382–383.

5Commonwealth of Australia, National Action Plan, 4.

6See: United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, “Protocol to prevent, suppress and punish trafficking in persons especially women and children, supplementing the United Nations convention against transnational organized crime,” Office of the United Nations High Commissioner, accessed 15 September 2017 http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/ProtocolTraffickingInPersons.aspx. See also: Report of the Special Rapporteur on Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children, 28 July 2014, UN GAOR 69th sess, Item 69(b) of the provisional agenda, UN Doc A/69/33797, 6. The US State Department has a slightly different definition, which emphasises the critical role of exploitation via coercive and/or deceptive practices but places less importance on movement. “Human trafficking can include, but does not require, movement.” Department of State (USA), Trafficking in Persons Report June 2016, 30, accessed 13 June 2018, https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/258876.pdf.

7The Criminal Code defines debt bondage as the status or condition of a person that arises from a pledge of personal services as security for a debt owed, or claimed to be owed if the debt is manifestly excessive, the reasonable value of those services is not applied toward the liquidation of the debt or purported debt, or the length and nature of those services are not respectively limited and defined. Debt bondage is an offence under section 217.8 of the Criminal Code. Commonwealth of Australia, National Action Plan, 77.

8Although as the NAP notes, there are other differences and some intersections/overlap where smuggled persons may experience human trafficking or slavery once they arrive in their destination country. Commonwealth of Australia, National Action Plan, 10.

9Meshkovska et al, “Female sex trafficking,” 382.

10Monica O’Connor and Grainne Healy, The Links between Prostitution and Sex Trafficking: A Briefing Handbook (Dublin: Coalitition Against Trafficking in Women, 2006), 5.

11Lisa Fedina, “Use and misuse of research in books on trafficking: Implications for interdisciplinary researchers, practitioners, and advocates,” Trauma, Violence and Abuse 16, no. 2 (2015): 188.

12Ibid; Ronald Weitzer, “The movement to criminalize sex work in the United States,” Journal of Law and Society 37, no. 1 (2010): 61–84; Johnny E. McGaha and Amanda Evans, “Where are the victims? The credibility gap in human trafficking research,” Intercultural Human Rights Law Review 4 (2009): 243–244.

13International Labour Organisation, Global estimate of forced labour (2012), in Commonwealth of Australia, National Action Plan, 6.

14For just one example of this vagueness, see: Department of State (USA), Trafficking in Persons Report June 2016, 80.

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